A thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland, typically performed for thyroid cancer, large goiters causing compression, or hyperthyroidism unresponsive to other treatments. Symptoms prompting surgery include a noticeable neck lump, difficulty swallowing or breathing, hoarseness, or unexplained weight changes. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging, and biopsy to determine the extent of disease. The procedure carries a risk to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which controls the vocal cords, but intraoperative monitoring minimizes this risk. Surgery is best performed by an endocrine surgeon or ENT specialist at a hospital with a multidisciplinary endocrine surgery team. In India, costs range from ₹50,000 to ₹3,00,000. Post-surgery, most patients require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy with regular monitoring to maintain proper hormone levels and overall health.